Since your father is a canadian and his wife is now in Canada why doesn't he try to divorce in Canada?

Alıntı: should my father be bribing the judge in order to get justice

Don't even think about it.

Alıntı: Will he have all the same rights as a Turkish man once he has a Turkish passport?

yes

Alıntı: Will he be able to keep his property if he wins in court?

According to your explanation, I'd say no..Properties are on her name now and it would be very hard to prove otherwise.